VARDIS FISHER - AN AMERICAN ATHEIST AUTHOR A book review by Richard Andrews
In the Depression years of the thirties, Vardis Fisher was hailed as one of the most promising authors of the American West. He was compared to his good friend, Thomas Wolfe, or to Faulkner or Hemingway. Before Fisher died in 1968, he was the author of 36 published books, had won the Harper Prize, his work THE CHILDREN OF GOD was published in French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Danish, and he had written 50 short stories and essays for magazines, and had a regular column in the Idaho Statesman from 1943 to 1950. Fisher had written historical novels about the Donner Party, the Comstock load, the Mormons, the Lewis and Clark expedition, mountain man Jerimiah Johnson (which inspired a movie), and a twelve volume set on the evolution of man and religion.Vardis's books are no longer in print. Few know his name or work, although antiquarian book dealers fetch $50 to $100 for his books. Libraries and Universities have special collections of his books. His current obscurity has its roots in both his atheism and the economics of book publishing. Of course, people who cannot find a book in print cannot buy it, and if you have nothing to sell, there is no one to promote your work. Such is the case with Fisher's books, but the reason his books did not find major publishers to begin with and were not promoted was because of his atheistic 12 volume Testament of Man series.
In Tim Woodward's biography of Fisher, TIGER ON THE ROAD, (Vardis used to say most people would rather meet a tiger on the road than face the truth about themselves.) Woodward wrote:
" No one who read it was luke warm about the TESTAMENT OF MAN. The series evoked reactions from worshipful praise to sneering contempt. It divided critics and scholars -- and anyone else who took the sixty or seventy hours needed to read it - into those who deeply admired Fisher and those who washed their hands of him for good. This was not surprising, as the series questioned some of the most fundamental beliefs in western society."
"For its author, the TESTAMENT's toll was beyond calculating. It would cost him twenty of his most productive years, a close friend and publisher, and any hope of maintaining the reputation he briefly enjoyed as one of the nation's up and coming novelists. People told him he was wasting his time on scholarly books that delved deeply into the past when he could have been writing novels that would have secured his reputation as an artist. Few who knew him doubted his ability to write `successful' books, but he wasn't writing the Testament for the best-seller lists. He was convinced he was writing it for the ages."[ Tim Woodward, TIGER ON THE ROAD, Caxton Printers Ltd., Caldwell, Idaho, 1989, p. 160]
Fisher was ridiculed by reviewers and vilified in the nations most influential magazines. In order to write the Testament series he had to read over 2000 books on history, anthropology, psychology, theology and comparative religion.[ Ibid p. 162] The series was unique among literary endeavors. The only books I have read that comes close to the kind of books in the Testament are Gore Vidal's CREATION and JULIAN.
The twelve Testament books were as follows:
1. DARKNESS AND THE DEEP about the evolution of the ancestors of man.
2. THE GOLDEN ROOMS about man's life in caves and the use of fire.
3. INTIMATIONS OF EVE about the prehistory matriarchy and moon worship.
4. ADAM AND THE SERPENT about the patriarchy replacing the matriarchy, and male dominance.
5. THE DIVINE PASSION about worship of the sun god, and women's lot in a male dominated world.
6. VALLEY OF VISION about the embellishment of King Solomon and his conflict with "prophets".
7. ISLAND OF THE INNOCENT about the contrast between the superior Greek culture and Judaism. It asks the question of what the world would be like if Greek values had triumphed over Judaism and Christianity. The religious rebellion of the Maccabees is it's setting. (In my opinion this is the second best book of the series.)
8. JESUS CAME AGAIN was the most controversial book of the Testament, because it rejected the divinity of Jesus. This book is about what Jesus would have been like if he were a real person.
9. GOAT FOR AZAZEL is about the pagan origins of Christianity. The concept of a scapegoat is an old Jewish idea of a sin offering of a goat driven into the desert to die. (This, in my opinion is the best book in the Testament series.)
10. PEACE LIKE A RIVER about female subjugation and extreme Christian asceticism (self denial).
(Women's Libbers will get a kick out of this one.)11. MY HOLY SATAN about the horrors of the Inquisition. (My number three pick of the series.)
12. ORPHANS ON GETHSEMANE set in this century. This is a book about what has led us to be the way we are, and makes sense of our male dominated, Judeo-Christian, western society, its families, its values, and its wars. The book is semi-autobiographical.
When Fisher brought JESUS CAME AGAIN to his publisher, Caxton Press, they refused to publish it unless it was rewritten with a divine Jesus. They explained to him that America was in a cold war with the Soviet Union, and Christianity was the best defense against communism, and that they would do nothing to undermine the Christian ideological hold on American culture.[ Told to me by Opal Fisher. Also recounted by Vardis Fisher in fictional form in ORPHANS IN GETHSEMANE, Allen Swallow, Denver 1960, p. 917-919]
When Valley of Vision was published, Time magazine led the attack with this review:
"STRICTLY FROM IDAHO"
"Vardis Fisher's latest volume, the sixth in his fictostenographic history of civilization, is less a novel than a pedantic, prurient diatribe against one of the best-publicized kings Israel ever had. Solomon (10th Century BC) is portrayed as a sort of Old Testament Sammy Glick with chin whiskers, a tough little opportunist who elbows his way into the big money, marries a glamour girl (Khate, an Egyptian princess), and hires a frustrated poet to ghost his copy - even, it would seem, such copy as the Book of Proverbs.
"Furthermore, says Fisher in effect, Solomon's wisdom was not even his own; it
was just a lot of words put in his mouth by his ghostwriter and his Egyptian wife. The real Solomon, according to Fisher, was a phony liberal with a father complex and a massive sexual overcompensation; his quarrel with the prophet Ahijah was an exchange of irrelevancies between an dilettante and a fanatic.
"Author Fisher shows some sympathy for the hot-eyed Ahijah. It is almost as
though there were some burning affinity between the old eater of stones and howler in the waste places and the seer of Hagerman, Idaho, crying his confused and passionate evangel of history in the wilderness of American letters."{ Vardis Fisher, GOD OR CAESAR, p. 256-257 [Time magazine article is quoted in the book.]}
Joseph M. Flora in his University of North Carolina book VARDIS FISHER wrote:
"… Having been denied a Guggenheim fellowship on four occasions, a Newberry fellowship, and a Ford Foundation Grant, he has become accustomed to making his own way, though, midway through the TESTAMENT, he experienced agonizing struggles with publishers. Three publishers eventually found the series a poor financial risk and dropped Fisher, and others were wary of taking over in the middle of a financially unsound series which was potentially explosive in its subject matter. Ironically, Fisher expected the controversy to make these volumes best-sellers. Fisher thought of himself as a writer for the "long pull" who would ultimately pay the publisher who stood by him. JESUS CAME AGAIN and the subsequent TESTAMENT volumes Fisher wrote seemed destined to be unpublished novels."
"Fisher himself was at a loss about what to do, and he was sustained only by his vision of the work and by his wife's confidence. The future of the TESTAMENT brightened only when Alan Swallow, who is especially interested in belles letters of the United States West, approached Fisher about letting his small firm bring out the novels - at a considerable gamble for Swallow, who was, however, absolutely convinced of Fisher's literary merit."[ Joseph M. Flora, VARDIS FISHER, Twanyne Publishers, New York, 1965, p. 23]
Also in Flora's Final Judgment chapter he wrote:
"The novels (testament) increasingly lead the reader to the conviction that Fisher has not revealed the whole of Western religious heritage: the ring of history - a convincing picture of an area and satisfactory devices for presenting factual background - is not present in later volumes in the same force as in the American historicals, though as partial defense of Fisher one must say that the TESTAMENT becomes increasingly symbolic. This is not to question that the novels are carefully researched, but to assert that (Fisher) never grasped the dynamism of Christianity, which is also a part of history. Fisher has never seen that, though Christianity has been a religion of the desert, it has also been a religion of the valley of vision. Nowhere does he give a convincing portrait of a George Herbert, who lived in the beauty of holiness, nor a Jonathan Edward in all of his complexity and stature. These people are beyond Fisher - who might have recalled Cabell and the dynamic illusion. There is a poetic mysticism and beauty Fisher failed to see."
"Nevertheless, one should grant that much of the TESTAMENT is imagined as experience. Even a novel like A GOAT FOR AZAZEL one feels Fisher knows people. And because Fisher frequently presents basic human hunger so convincingly, the art of the TESTAMENT sometimes run very high. It is no small tribute to Fisher that the most elemental characters come to life. Indeed, DARKNESS AND THE DEEP and THE GOLDEN ROOMS are the best novels of their kind. Fishers excellence in showing action and violence as well as compassion mark the TESTAMENT as well as the Antelope novels and the Americana. And nowhere will the historical novelist find the challenge to penetrating study greater than in the TESTAMENT nor will its readers find a greater spur to thought."[ Ibid, p. 142]
The TESTAMENT series is not the only writing of Fisher that the atheist will find of interest. His CHILDREN OF GOD demystifies the Mormon story of Joseph Smith. Also of interest are Fisher's newspaper columns in the IDAHO STATESMAN and IDAHO STATEWIDE (became the Intermountain Observer). Tim Woodward in his biography of Fisher states:
"Around Christmas time , he always wrote a column saying that there was no Christ. We'd get a bunch of cancellations, but the STATEWIDE was the kind of paper that published things regardless of what people thought. We never censored anybody's writing."[ Tim Woodward, TIGER ON THE ROAD, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 1989, p. 237]
Vardis Fisher was an extremely important American author who never failed to talk and write about atheism. Never failed to say he was an atheist and was proud of his atheism. He did this in one of the most conservative states of the Union between 1930 and 1968 when he died. That type of courage is heroic and much needed in our country today.
After his death, the Mormon historians Davis Bitton and Leonard Arrington tried to claim Vardis as one of their own because of his stature. In 1976 Arrington presented a paper to the Association of Mormon Letters entitled "The Mormon Heritage of Vardis Fisher." In 1983 Mick McAllister presented to the same group a paper called "Vardis Fisher's Mormon Heritage." This so infuriated his widow Opal Fisher that she sent out press releases about Vardis's atheism.[ Opal Fisher, Press Release, circa 1980] The controversy over Fisher was so great that in late 1996 The Daily Herald newspaper in Provo, Utah, published an article about the conflict and conceded he should not in any way be considered a Mormon. One wonders why they tried this in the first place, but now that they tried and failed, Hartt Wixom in his article "Mormons can't claim Idaho author" seems bitter and out to cast stones at Fisher's reputation. [Hartt Wixom, "Mormons can't claim Idahoan author", The Daily Herald, Provo, Utah, 12/2/96, p. C6] Opal Fisher spoke at the American Atheist Convention in 1981 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Opal Fisher was a member of American Atheists and a regular contributor to the Utah Chapter until her death in 1995.
Upon Opal Fisher's death she willed $237,000 from her estate to the University of Idaho for the creation of a humanities professorship.[ Rich Boesler, "Record number donate to UI", The Spokesman-Review, Moscow, Idaho, Thursday, 9/12/96 obtained from http://www.virtuallynw.com/~vnw/stories/ 1996/sep/12/s127018.htm] She also left Albertson College of Idaho a first edition set of all of Fisher's work and additional copies of his works which the college will sell to create a scholarship fund. Albertson College also received an enormous amount of books from Fisher's private collection.[ Associated Press, "Woman leaves scholarship fund, set of books to Albertson College", Caldwell, Idaho, 10/17/96 obtained from http://www.idahopress.com/fisherCollection.html]
Now that both Vardis and Opal are dead, and unable to defend their writing or see how their donations have been used, Albertson college slights Fisher's TESTAMENT work in this section of the Vardis Fisher biography on the college's web site:
VARDIS ALVERO FISHER
"Fisher's work divides, not very neatly, into four categories. The excellent regional work with which he began his career was compared favorably with that of William Faulkner, Thomas Hardy, and Fisher's friend Thomas Wolfe. The sources he drew upon for these novels soon would take him down two divergent paths. One led to the frontier Americana for which Fisher is now remembered: definitive novels on the Mormons, the Donner Party (THE MOTHERS), and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (TALE OF VALOR). A novel on the fur trade (MOUNTAIN MAN) was the primary source for the film Jeremiah Johnson. These novels, with their naturalistic insistence on the sordid details and commonplace violence of frontier life, set a standard for verisimilitude now commonplace among historians and novelists of the West.
"His other path nearly destroyed Fisher's career. In 1939, unsatisfied by the tetralogy, Fisher determined to find the human character in the history of the species and began a series of novels that would culminate in a revision of the tetralogy. The twelve-volume TESTAMENT OF MAN which began with some promise, soon degenerated into didactic polemics. The early novels on prehistoric man, DARKNESS AND THE DEEP and THE GOLDEN ROOMS, compare favorably to other attempts in the genre. Others, such as three on the evolution of Judaism, are less successful. A superb retelling of the death of Jesus (JESUS CAME AGAIN) is the literary high-point of the remaining books.
"By the time the "Testament" had reached the early Christian era, Fisher was established in his fourth literary role, as state curmudgeon, through weekly columns in various Idaho papers. He had found a kindred spirit in J.H. Gipson of the Caxton Press, but even Gipson refused to publish books with the Testament's negative view of Christianity. Fisher and Gipson shared vehement atheism and vehement anticommunism; ironically, as Fisher's biographer Tim Woodward points out, Gipson's objection came not from a desire to promote religion but from the belief that books so destructive of Christian values would promote communism.
"Through the patronage of publisher Alan Swallow, Fisher was able to complete the Testament in 1960 with a single-volume revision of the tetralogy that brought Hunter's story up to the late 1950s. Eight years later, a few days before his death, he told a Salt Lake City reporter that he had begun his autobiography. Had he completed that book, it is possible that the relationship between the fictional Hunter's life and the life Vardis Fisher would have been further confused, though it might also have been clarified.
"The continuing theme throughout Fisher's work is an obsessive dedication to learning and promulgating the truth, the Socratic need to know thyself. His historical fiction is notable for its foundation in meticulous research and its rigorous objectivity. Despite his vehement and unwavering dislike for Mormonism, his novel on the beginnings of the church is admired by believer and non-believer alike. The Testament's greatest power is its ability to describe sympathetically the visionary element of the Judeo-Christian world-view to which Fisher traces most of the cultural neuroses of modern America.
"The voice of the novelist is an essentially tragic voice, in that his rationalist philosophy aligned him with the reductionism of the sociobiologist who is convinced that behavior can be explained by the accumulation of detail, but his emotional upbringing promoted a nearly pathological mysticism. The hero of THE GOLDEN ROOMS is haunted by the imagined ghosts of the Neanderthals he has killed. The last happy figure in Fisher's work, mad Kate Bowden of MOUNTAIN MAN, lives in the wilderness of northern Wyoming where she tends the graves of her massacred children and sings lullabies to their envisioned spirits in the empty dark."[ Mick McAllister, "Vardis Alvero Fisher"
By any standard, Vardis Fisher led an extraordinary and exemplary life. Fisher was born in the Western frontier in Annis, Idaho, in 1895 to Joe and Temperance Fisher. Vardis Fisher's father Joe and one of his brothers were sent by Brigham Young to start a colony in the Upper Snake River Valley. Accordingly when Vardis was six years old, his father loaded the family onto a dead axle wagon and headed up the South Forks of the Snake River thirty-six miles. The nearest neighbor was ten miles from the Fishers when they stopped, and that was just the way Vardis' father wanted it to be. (Vardis' mother would be in her fifties before she had a house with running water. [TIGER ON THE ROAD, p. 22] )
With no schools nearby Vardis was taught by his mother until he was twelve.[ Milton, John K., THREE WEST: CONVERSATIONS WITH VARDIS FISHER, MAY EVANS, MICHAEL STRAIGHT 1970, Dakota Press, University of South Dakota, Vermilion, South Dakota] Then the family decided Vardis and his brother were old enough to go to school in Annis, and the two boys spent a year living there with their Aunt Phoebe. By the time Vardis was thirteen and his brother Vivian was ten, the family had decided the boys could manage on their own and found a vacant house near Annis for them. The parents stocked the house with fruits, dried meat, bread and goose grease butter, blankets and clothing. For half a year the boys were alone in a land where it could be dangerous to take out the garbage.[ TIGER ON THE ROAD, pp. 44-45] For most children a fourth grade education was considered enough for Antelope country, but the Fisher children would go on to college.
It was in Annis that Fisher met his childhood sweetheart, Leona McMurtrey, a woman he married in 1917.[ Ibid, p. 46] After Fisher had graduated from high school, he went to Salt Lake City to the University of Utah. Idaho had only one college, in Moscow, and that was further away than Salt Lake. After Fisher received his BA, a professor he liked encouraged him to go to graduate school at the University of Chicago. In Chicago Fisher first experienced how the non-Mormon world lived. After receiving his MA he went back to the University of Utah to teach, but did not feel academically secure in this position, and returned to the University of Chicago for his Ph.D.
Fisher again returned to Utah to teach, but this time he began to have trouble with the Mormon Church and knew after three years that he could not reach tenure before the Church hierarchy would have him fired or force him to resign. He applied and was accepted for a position at New York University in Washington Square.[ THREE WEST, pp. 5-7] When Fisher left New York University he had a wife and two children. He returned to Idaho in 1931 to write novels, and was hired by the Work Progress Administration (WPA federal writers project) as the state director in 1935.[ Ibid, p. 8] Fisher wrote THE GUIDE TO IDAHO for the WPA, and his office was the first among state offices to publish.
Fisher's first wife Leona died in 1924. In 1928 he married Margaret Trusler and had one child with her. In 1940 he married Opal Laurel Holmes and lived with her in Haggerman Idaho until his death in 1968.[ Nielsen, Judith, http://drseuss.lib.uidaho.edu/special-collections/manuscripts/mg218.htm, "Manuscript Group 218, Vardis Fisher, 1895-1968", August 1990] While married to Opal he co-authored a book with her on gold mines of the old west, GOLD RUSHES AND MINING CAMPS OF THE EARLY AMERICAN WEST (Caxton press, 1968).
Vardis Fisher had risen from a life of poverty, ignorance, and superstition to one of some affluence, a Ph.D., and freedom from the Mormon religion of his family, to become an intellectual atheist.
Vardis Fisher's TESTAMENT OF MAN books were a bold attempt by a lone atheist to popularize his atheism. Though his attempt to do this was not a complete success, his books are still with us and could still be used as a tool for the advancement of atheist philosophy. One can only hope that Fisher's TESTAMENT will find it's way back into print so that another generation of hungry minds will not be denied access to one of the greatest historical fiction series ever written. The impact of fiction can be great. No one would deny that Rushdie's SATANIC VERSES will make a lasting impression on Islam. If Atheists could find a way to use the TESTAMENT and make it as available as the VERSES, it could have a major impact on religion in general.
Chronology
1895 Vardis Fisher born
1915 Graduated Rigby High School
1917 Married Leona McMurtrey
1920 Bachelor of Arts, University of Utah
1922 Master of Arts, University of Chicago
1924 Death of Leona McMurtrey
1925 Ph.D. University of Chicago (magna cum laude)
1925-28 Assistant Professor of English, University of Utah
1928 TOILERS OF THE HILLS published
Fisher marries Margaret Trusler
1928-31 Asst. Professor of English, Washington Square College, New York University
1931 DARK BRIDWELL published
1932 IN TRAGIC LIFE published
1932-33 Summer Professor, Montana State University
1934 PASSIONS SPIN THE PLOT published
1935 WE ARE BETRAYED published
1935-39 Director of Idaho Writers' project of WPA
1936 NO VILLAIN NEED BE published
1938 FORGIVE US OUR VIRTUES published
1939 Wins Harper Prize for CHILDREN OF GOD
1940 Married Opal Laurel Holmes
1941 CITY OF ILLUSION published
1943 THE MOTHERS published
DARKNESS AND THE DEEP (TESTAMENT Volume I) published
1944 THE GOLDEN ROOMS published (Vol. II)
1946 INTIMATIONS OF EVE published (Vol. III)
1947 ADAM AND THE SERPENT published (Vol. IV)
1948 THE DIVINE PASSION published (Vol. V)
1951 THE VALLEY OF VISION published (Vol. VI)
1952 THE ISLAND OF THE INNOCENT published (Vol. VII)
1956 JESUS CAME AGAIN published (Vol. VIII)
A GOAD FOR AZAZEL published (Vol. IX)
PEMMICAN published
1957 PEACE LIKE A RIVER published (Vol. X)
1958 MY HOLY SATAN published (Vol. XI)
TALE OF VALOR published
1959 LOVE AND DEATH published
1960 ORPHANS IN GETHSEMANE published (Vol. XII)
1962 SUICIDE OR MURDER? Published
1963 THOMAS WOLFE AS I KNEW HIM AND OTHER ESSAYS published
1968 Death
Footnotes:
1 Tim Woodward, TIGER ON THE ROAD, Caxton Printers Ltd., Caldwell, Idaho, 1989, p. 1602 Ibid p. 162
3 Told to me by Opal Fisher. Also recounted by Vardis Fisher in fictional form in ORPHANS IN GETHSEMANE, Allen Swallow, Denver 1960, p. 917-919
5 Joseph M. Flora, VARDIS FISHER, Twanyne Publishers, New York, 1965, p. 23
7 Tim Woodward, TIGER ON THE ROAD, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 1989, p. 237
8 Opal Fisher, Press Release, circa 1980
9 Rich Boesler, "Record number donate to UI", The Spokesman-Review, Moscow, Idaho, Thursday, 9/12/96 obtained from http://www.virtuallynw.com/~vnw/stories/1996/sep/12/s127018.htm
10 Associated Press, "Woman leaves scholarship fund, set of books to Albertson College", Caldwell, Idaho.
11 Mick McAllister, "Vardis Alvero Fisher", http://www.media.utah.edu/medsol/UCME/f/FISHER,
12 TIGER ON THE ROAD, p. 22
13 Milton, John K., THREE WEST: CONVERSATIONS WITH VARDIS FISHER, MAY EVANS, MICHAEL STRAIGHT 1970, Dakota Press, University of South Dakota, Vermilion, South Dakota
14 TIGER ON THE ROAD, pp. 44-45
15 Ibid, p. 46
16 THREE WEST, pp. 5-7
17 Ibid, p. 8
18 Nielsen, Judith, http://drseuss.lib.uidaho.edu/special-collections/manuscripts/mg218.htm
RICHARD M. ANDREWS(short version)
Richard Andrews founded the Utah Chapter of American Atheists in 1979 and served as its director or co-director until the chapter closed in 1993. In this capacity he led successful battles against increased church tax exemption, prayer in government meetings, and religious domination of the media. He was a friend of Opal Fisher, and exchanged mail and phone calls with her for many years. In 1988 he researched and wrote an article on media monopoly in Utah that appeared in the Salt Lake Tribune. He also produced a Dial-An-Atheist service and advertised it on 400 UTA buses. American Atheists recognized him as Chapter Director of the Year in 1980 and as Atheist of the year in 1993. He currently serves on the board of directors for the Society of Separationists, AAGHQ, and USA, Inc. RICHARD M. ANDREWS
(long version)
Richard Andrews founded the Utah Chapter of American Atheists in March of 1979. He was the Chapter Director until 1982, and then served as Co-director with Chris Allen until the chapter closed in November of 1993.
Mr. Andrews has been actively involved in Utah's tax exemption issues since 1979. In 1980 he was voted the Chapter Director of the Year for successfully opposing a proposition on the Utah ballot that would have radically broadened state religious tax exemptions. In 1983 he monitored Salt Lake County Board of Equalization meetings and reported exemption results in the American Atheists Newsletter. That same year he worked with Chris Allen on a project that put 400 advertisement poster for Dial-an-Atheist in UTA buses.
In 1986 Mr. Andrews, working with Mr. Dan Favatella, stopped an attempt by religious hospitals to gain constitutional exemption from property taxes. In 1988 he researched and wrote an article on media monopoly in Utah that was printed in the Salt Lake Tribune. Also in 1988 he received jointly with Chris Allen the Most Hated Atheist Award from American Atheist Board member Arnold Via.
In 1991 he was the principal plaintiff in a lawsuit by the Society of Separationists, the legal arm of American Atheists, against members of the Salt Lake City Council challenging its practice of opening meetings with a prayer. In march of 1992 he won that case in district court, and an injunction was issued
against opening prayers at the Salt Lake City Council. The following year he received jointly with Chris Allen the Atheist of the Year Award for this accomplishment, but the case was subsequently reversed by the Utah Supreme Court that November.
Richard Andrews met Opal Fisher in 1981 at the American Atheist convention in Salt Lake City, Utah, and the two exchanged phone calls until 1993 when he could no longer contact her. In the Summer of 1996 Richard made a trip to Boise for a family reunion and tried to find his friend Opal, but her house had been sold and her mail returned marked deceased. Richard also visited the Haggerman Museum and found a copy of Vardis' biography.
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